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短文改错考查考生发现、判断、纠正文章错误的能力。短文改错的文章多采用记叙文，其长度通常在90～120词之间；语言浅显易懂，基本上不涉及生僻的语言现象和复杂的语句结构。

短文改错主要考查冠词、名词、代词、形容词、副词、动词时态、非谓语动词、连词、介词等。

现以2016年高考全国卷为例，谈谈如何做好高考短文改错题。

1. 名词

名词是短文改错的重点考查内容，其考点主要涉及名词单复数、名词所有格、名词与形容词等词形的转化等。

【考例1】My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest.

【答案及解析】honest → honesty。分析句子结构可知，从句中的主语为the key，表语应为honest的名词形式。句意：我叔叔告诉我他成功的关键是诚实守信。

【考例2】If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden our view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books.

【答案及解析】knowledges → knowledge。knowledge是不可数名词，没有复数。

【考例3】The teenage year from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me.

【答案及解析】year → years。根据谓语动词were可知，名词year应用复数形式。

2. 冠词

冠词是短文改错中的高频考点，其主要涉及冠词的缺失、冠词滥用、定冠词(the)和不定冠词(a, an)的混用。

【考例1】My uncle says that he never dreams of becoming rich in the short period of time.

【答案及解析】the →a。句意：我叔叔说他从未想过短时间内致富。此处period为泛指，故应用不定冠词a。

【考例2】But in that case, we will learn little about world.

【答案及解析】about后加the。在英语中，定冠词the表示特指，本句中用the修饰world，特指“这个世界”。

【考例3】Every time he arrived home at end of the day, we’d greet him at the door.

【答案及解析】在end前加the。at the end of 为固定搭配，意为“在……结束的时候”。

3. 代词

代词的考查灵活多样，其涉及的考点有人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、不定代词、指示代词、疑问代词等。

【考例1】Instead, he hopes that our business will grow steadily.

【答案及解析】our → his。此处讲的是叔叔的生意。

【考例2】The summer holiday is coming. My classmates and I are talking about how to do during the holiday.

【答案及解析】how → what。“疑问词 + to do”在本句中作talk about的宾语。

【考例3】At last, I will be on my own, but I still want to have my parents to turn to whenever need help.

【答案及解析】need前加I。whenever从句中缺少主语I。

4. 形容词和副词

形容词和副词是短文改错的重点考查内容。考生在做题时要注意判断形容词或副词是否混用，是否存在比较级和最高级。

【考例1】Instead, he hopes that his business will grow steady.

【答案及解析】steady → steadily。grow是动词，此处修饰动词，说明发展的情况，故用副词形式。

【考例2】They were also the best and worse years in my life.

【答案及解析】worse → worst。与前面的the best保持一致，故用最高级。

【考例3】At one time, I even felt my parents couldn’t understand me so I hoped I could be freely from them.

【答案及解析】freely → free。作系动词be的表语，应用形容词形式。

5. 动词时态

动词时态主要涉及特定语境中时态的使用。考生做这类题目时，要从文章整体来把握时态，注意时态一致。

【考例1】Some people even had to wait outside.

【答案及解析】had → have。根据上下文可知，整篇文章描述的是一般性情况，应用一般现在时。

【考例2】I thought that it is a good idea.

【答案及解析】thought → think。本文介绍我和同学们商量暑假旅游的事情，全文以一般现在时为主，故此处用think。

6. 动词语态

做这类题目时，考生要注意谓语动词与主语之间的逻辑关系。

【考例】Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables and high quality oil are using for cooking.

【答案及解析】using → used。句意：每天他都确保做饭用新鲜蔬菜和高品质的油。句中fresh vegetables and high quality oil与use之间是被动关系，故用被动语态。

7. 主谓一致

注意句子主语与谓语在数上保持一致。

【考例】He would ask who we was and pretend not to know us.

【答案及解析】was→were。根据句中的we可判断谓语动词用were。

8. 非谓语动词

非谓语动词涉及的考点有以下三类： (1)动词原形与现在分词、过去分词是否混用； (2)现在分词与过去分词是否混用； (3)动词不定式符号to是否遗漏或多余。

【考例1】We can choose between staying at home and take a trip.

【答案及解析】take → taking。staying at home与taking a trip构成并列关系，都作介词between的宾语。

【考例2】I showed them I was independent by wear strange clothes.

【答案及解析】wear → wearing。介词by后用动词-ing形式。

9. 情态动词与虚拟语气

情态动词与虚拟语气涉及的考点如下：

(1)情态动词后接动词原形，而不能接非谓语动词；

(2) 情态动词漏用、错用；

(3) 在suggest, insist, demand等词后的从句中，谓语常用“(should)＋动词原形”，其中should可省略，但不可用其他情态动词。

【考例1】We can chose between staying at home and …

【答案及解析】chose → choose。本题考查 “情态动词 + 动词原形”这一语法点。

【考例2】 Some classmates suggest we can go to places of interest nearby.

【答案及解析】can去掉或can → should。动词suggest表“建议”时，后面的宾语从句要用虚拟语气，即“(should) ＋ 动词原形”。

10. 连词

根据文章的逻辑关系，考生应注意but, and, so, or, for等并列连词是否误用、混用或多用。

【考例1】Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables or high quality oil are used for cooking.

【答案及解析】 or → and。蔬菜和食用油在做饭时都会用到，所以二者是并列关系而不是选择关系。

【考例2】If we stay at home, it is comfortable but there is no need to spend money.

【答案及解析】but → and。前后两个分句间是并列关系，而不是转折关系，故用and。

11. 复合句

从句引导词的考查是短文改错的难点，主要表现在以下三方面：

(1)名词性从句。考生要弄明白题目属于何种名词性从句，引导词在从句中作什么成分；

(2)定语从句。考生应找准先行词，分析关系词在从句中所作的成分，注意判断是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句；

(3)状语从句。考生做题时要注意结合语境来判断从属连词的使用是否准确。

【考例1】My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live.

【答案及解析】that → where。宾语从句中缺少地点状语，故用where。

【考例2】Though not very big, but the restaurant is popular in our area.

【答案及解析】but去掉。though不与but连用。

12. 固定短语

考生应多关注固定短语中的冠词、介词是否漏掉或错用。

【考例1】My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich in a short period of time.

【答案及解析】becoming前加of。dream of doing sth. 意为“梦想做某事”。

【考例2】At the first, I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by myself.

【答案及解析】the去掉。at first固定短语，意为“起初”。