afforestation 书湖阴先生壁
Zhongwei Desert Photovoltaic Industrial Park: The way to turn the desert into an oasis
文/图 房名名 何耐江
在不少人眼中，沙漠过于荒凉。
Deserts are just land that has very little water and very few plants growing on it for most people.
但于李岩而言，他每日身处的工作地——宁夏回族自治区中卫市腾格里沙漠东缘的光伏产业园，却“犹如仙境一样”。
However, the Photovoltaic Industrial Park on the east side of the Tengger Desert, Zhongwei City, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, where Li Yan works is a “fairyland” in his mind.
一排排光伏板亮闪闪、齐整整地布阵在金色沙漠之中，一眼望不到边，规模之巨令人震撼。
Rows of shining photovoltaic panels line up in an orderly manner in the golden desert. It seems that there is no boundary for the panels as they are stretching out in the desert, forming an impressive scene.
荒漠里生机无限
Possibilities in deserts
中卫市沙漠光伏产业园到中卫市的直线距离约15公里。今年37岁的李岩，是国家电投北京公司宁夏京银智慧新能源有限公司中卫恒基伟业光伏电站的一名值长，两年前他从一家工业企业跳槽到光伏电站。
There is a straight-line distance of 15km from the Zhongwei Desert Photovoltaic Industrial Park to the urban area of Zhongwei City. Li Yan, a 37-year-old head of Zhongwei Hengji Weiye Photovoltaic Power Station, Ningxia Jingyin Intelligence New Energy Co., Ltd. of SPIC Beijing Electric Power Co., Ltd. hopped to this position two years ago from an industrial enterprise.
比起嘈杂的企业车间、喧嚣的都市，沙漠的静谧是李岩最先感受到的良好“反差”。
Compared to the noisy workshops and bustling city, the quietness in the desert was the first difference he got to feel and enjoy.
除了安静的环境，李岩作为参与者，更见证了脚下这片荒漠日渐生机勃勃的过程。越来越好的生态环境带给他的除了欣喜，还有一份自豪。
In addition to the tranquil environment, he, as a participant, witnessed the great changes in this dry land that help it become dynamic. When the ecological environment becomes better and better, he felt happy and was proud of his work.
“刚来的时候，这儿基本见不到草。”李岩带着记者走进光伏电站站区，他想找一块“不毛之地”，以证明自己所言非虚。走了好半天，“勉强”找了一小块沙地，“嗨，现在不长草的地方还不好找了。”李岩说。
“There was few grass when I first came here,” said Li Yan. Li guided reporters in the industrial park, trying to find a piece of land not covered by plants to prove his words. In fact, it was hard to find such land without plants. “Well, it is not that easy to find a land that no plants are growing on nowadays,” said Li.
中卫市沙漠光伏产业园 Zhongwei Desert Photovoltaic Industrial Park
“连片的光伏板组件也算立了一份功。”恒基伟业光伏电站站长梁利明忍不住为光伏板“请功”。
“Row upon row of photovoltaic panel modules help change the environment,” Liang Liming, head of the photovoltaic power station could not wait to tell reporters about the importance of the panels.
此前，电站充分参考和借鉴中卫麦草方格的方式进行固沙，即把一束束麦草呈1米见方的方格状铺在沙地上，用铁锹把干草深扎到沙地中，留麦草的1/3或一半自然竖立在四边，然后再将方格中心的沙子拨向四周麦草根部，使麦草牢牢地竖立在沙地上。麦草方格相对地阻挡了沙子流动，同时将空气中的水分子和降水截留在沙层表面，一定程度上为浅根性植物的生长提供了水分供应。
Previously, the photovoltaic power station adopted the straw checkerboards to control windblown sand. The method is to install 1×1m straw grids deeply into the ground by spades and leave just one third or half of the straw out of the ground and move sand to cover the root of the straw, thus ensuring straw grids can be fixed on the ground. Straw checkerboards are helpful to fix the sand and retain water molecules in the air and rainfalls to the surface, which can provide water for shallow-rooted plants to grow.
“再在干草中央及周围撒上草籽，等待雨水，伺机生长。”梁利明介绍，在植物生长的过程中，连成片的光伏板组件发挥了重要的庇佑和助力作用。
“Then we will spread grass seeds in the center and wait for the rainfalls to help them grow naturally,” Liang said. When the seeds are growing, rows of panel modules serve as sand barriers for them.
“我们电站的光伏板组件都是固定夹角，基本呈32°～37°角。光伏组件板遮蔽场区大部分地面，能有效阻挡阳光直射，使水分蒸发量减少20%～30%，起到保墒作用。”加上清洗电池板的水分、露水及降雨，都促进了花棒、柠条、骆驼刺等植物的生长。
“The included angle between panel modules and the ground is about 32° to 37°. The shadow formed by the panel modules can cover most area of the industrial park, which can effectively avoid direct sunlight and reduce 20% to 30% of water evaporation of the covered areas so as to preserve the soil moisture.” The water used to clean the panels, dew and rainfalls will foster the growth of some plants, such as Hedysarum scoparium, Caragana korshinskii and Alhagi sparsifolia.
“它们的生长大大降低了近地面层的风速，更好地固定了流沙，并阻止沙丘前移。”“发电人”梁利明成了半个“治沙人”。
“These plants can slow down the wind speed near the surface to further control flowing sand and stop dunes from expanding,” Liang Liming, head of the power station and also an amateur sand fixation fighter told reporters.
作为“回报”，生长起来的植物也使光伏板组件免受风沙“刨根之苦”——“光伏设备的螺旋桩扎在1.5米深的沙地里，若是沙子不固定，螺旋桩裸露于地面多了，根基就不稳了。”因此，巡查螺旋桩是否稳固也是日常巡检工作内容之一。而日渐壮大的植物正是锁住“沙龙”、保护螺旋桩的关键。此外，沙尘对发电量也有影响，植被的生长降低了沙尘扬起的几率。
As a positive result, these plants protect photovoltaic panel modules from being blown down and eroded by the wind and sand. “Our panel modules are rooted 1.5m deep in the land with their screw piles. They will be exposed to the ground if the sand is flowing around. Then, the modules cannot stand still.” Therefore, staff will patrol the park every day to check whether screw piles are fixed. The growing plants are essential for sand consolidation and protecting screw piles. In addition, they can also reduce sand and dust storms to improve the efficiency of power generation.
作为央企，改善生态、保护环境是义不容辞的社会责任。同时，中卫市委市政府发起的植绿增绿“大会战”，也给属地企业、园区等各机构布置有“绿化作业”。
As China’s centrally-administered state-owned enterprise (central SOE), improving the ecological environment and protecting our planet is the social responsibility we shall bear. Meanwhile, CPC Zhongwei Municipal Committee and the Municipal Government have launched a greening campaign and also encourage enterprises, industrial parks and other organizations to shoulder responsibility for making the land greener in the jurisdictions.
“按照各方面的生态建设要求，近几年，公司持续加大植绿增绿投入。去年，我们在生产区、生活区、进场道路等场站内外，共栽植红柳等耐旱树种4000多棵。” 梁利明介绍。
“To fulfill the requirements of the ecological development, we have invested more into the greening plan in recent years. Last year, we planted more than 4,000 drought-resistant trees, like rose willows in the manufacturing area, living area, roads towards the power station and some areas outside of the station,” said Liang.
电站生活区位于场站东北边，沿路不时有鸟儿飞过，叽叽喳喳的鸟叫声清脆悦耳。“鸟可多了，虽然都叫不上名字。”李岩早已见惯了这些不知名的“朋友们”。
The living area is situated northeast of the station. Birds are frequently heard twittering around. “There are many birds and I even don’t know their names,” Li Yan was familiar with these “friends” though he couldn’t figure out their names.
“还有很多野鸡、野兔，我还见了两次狐狸呢。”梁利明说，每晚回宿舍的路上，都能与园区里的这些“常客”相遇。
“Besides, I find many pheasants and hares. Sometimes, I even see foxes,” Liang told us. Every night on the way back to the dormitory, he would encounter these “neighbors” in the industrial park.
通过各项生态改善措施，场区已逐步构建起一个稳固的绿色防护体系，并产生“沙漠化逆转现象”，在一定程度上形成了良性循环发展。
Based on various ecological improvement measures, the industrial park has established a stable environment protection system and achieved ecological restoration in some areas, forming a positive cycle of development to some extent.
“草长起来了，天上飞的、地上跑的小动物自然就来了。”梁利明说，小时候在山西农村长大，多年不见这类小动物了，如今见到十分亲切。
“You see that grass grows tall and various animals come back,” said Liang. Liang Liming grew up in a village in Shanxi Province and he was happy to see these old friends he was familiar with in his childhood.
守好生态线，延长发展线
Protecting ecological environment is to promote sustainable development
沙漠地区降水量稀少，每年有300多天都是烈日当头。而今，这些“劣势”正在转为优势。
It hardly rains in deserts and nearly 300 days in deserts are in extreme heat throughout the year. At present, the hot weather is no longer a disadvantage of deserts.
光伏电站的日常巡检 Regular inspection of PV power plant
根据相关研究，每平方米的沙漠每年接收的太阳能约为2000至3000千瓦时。如果能把这些太阳能全部转化为电能，足以让1千瓦的电器使用3000小时。按照中国家庭年均用电量6千瓦计算，只要2平方米沙漠就能满足一个家庭一年的用电量。
According to corresponding research, the solar energy received per square meter of deserts can reach 2,000 to 3,000kWh annually. Such an amount of energy can ensure a 1kW equipment to use 3,000 hours if the energy can be converted into electricity. The average annual household power consumption in China is about 6kW and only 2 square meters of deserts can supply sufficient power for one family to use in a year.
国家电投北京公司以“敢叫沙漠换新颜”的气魄，积极推动“三北”地区绿色发展和生态文明建设，在内蒙古建成120兆瓦沙漠光伏项目，并谋划了千万千瓦级的宁夏腾格里沙漠光伏项目，为中国西北区域治沙固沙、生态保护、经济发展探索出一条“治黄治沙”的新道路。
With the ambition to make deserts greener, SPIC Beijing Electric Power Co., td. strives to promote greening and ecological conservation in Northeast China, the north part of North China and Northwest China in an active manner. The company has constructed a 120MW desert photovoltaic project in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and planned 10 million kW desert photovoltaic bases such as Ningxia Tengger Desert Photovoltaic Project to explore a brand new way for sand control and fixation, environment protection and economic development in Northwest China.
“中卫的光照资源充足，可研利用年均日照时间为1500小时，是国家1类太阳能资源地区。此外，空气质量好，没有污染，光伏板使用寿命相应也能更长一些。”梁利明介绍，光伏板一般一年需要清洁4次，但在这里一年清洁1次就够了。
“Zhongwei City has adequate light resources. The feasibility study shows that the average annual sunshine duration that can be applied is 1,500 hours, making it one of the national class 1 solar energy zone. Besides, the photovoltaic panels can work longer here because of the good air quality and less pollution in local areas,” Liang explained to reporters. Normally, they need to clean photovoltaic panels four times a year but in Zhongwei, one time for a year will be fine.
同处中中卫市沙漠光伏产业园的宁夏庆阳新能源有限公司，也享受着与恒基伟业光伏电站同样的各种“利好”。
Similar to the Hengji Weiye Photovoltaic Power Station in the Zhongwei Desert Photovoltaic Industrial Park, Ningxia Qingyang New Energy Co., Ltd. also benefits from environmental protection.
庆阳光伏电站同样高度重视生态保护及改善，在电站外围20米以内开展植绿增绿工作，走出了具有特色的光伏发电场区同风沙防护区造林种草相结合的绿化路子。
Qingyang Photovoltaic Power Station also attaches great importance to ecological protection and improvement. Plants were planted in the area 20m outside the station, reflecting the enterprise’s unique measures in environmental protection, namely the integration of the power station development and afforestation for sand fixing.
“环境好了，大家工作起来心情也能美美的。”庆阳光伏电站驻站代表邢猛说。
“We work happily in a better natural environment,” said Xing Meng, representative of Qingyang Photovoltaic Power Station.
在光伏电站里植绿增绿 Carry out greening work at the PV power plant
据介绍，庆阳光伏电站占地3180亩，项目生产区有96个光伏方阵，装机容量为100万兆瓦。“这个项目与其他传统火力发电方式相比，年均上网电量15099万千瓦时。按照火电煤耗平均350克标煤/千瓦时，每年可节约标准煤5.28万吨，减少了二氧化碳排放量约15万吨。”邢猛给出了庆阳光伏电站的减碳“账单”。
The Qingyang Photovoltaic Power Station covers an area of around 212 hectares. There are 96 photovoltaic panel arrays, with an installed capacity of 100MW in its manufacturing area. “Compared with other traditional thermal power generation methods, the average annual on-grid power of our project can achieve 150.99 million kWh. Normally, the coal consumption of thermal power generation is 350g standard coal/kWh. Thus, we can save 52,800 tons of standard coal and reduce carbon dioxide emissions by about 150,000 tons,” Xing Meng showed the achievements Qingyang Photovoltaic Power Station made in carbon reduction.
中卫市发改委则有一份“大账单”。
Zhongwei City has a big and long-term plan for carbon reduction.
2009年以来，中卫市探索在沙漠地区发展沙漠光伏产业。目前已形成了占地6.5万亩、装机容量为1030兆瓦规模的光伏产业园，实现了沙漠生态效益、经济效益和社会效益的有机融合。
It started exploring the possibilities of the desert photovoltaic industry in 2009. At present, a photovoltaic industrial park that covers an area of 4333.3 hectares and has an installed capacity of 1030MW is ready to integrate ecological benefits, economic benefits and social benefits into the city.
“腾格里沙漠东南部6吉瓦光伏基地建设，为中卫市能源转型升级高质量发展提供了重大机遇。”中卫市发改委主任张俊华介绍，中卫市规划集中连片发展沙漠光伏产业，规划占地面积约26万亩。
“The construction of the 6GW photovoltaic base at the southeast of the Tengger Desert has provided significant opportunities for the energy transformation and upgrading and high-quality development of Zhongwei,” told Zhang Junhua, Director of Development and Reform Commission of Zhongwei. The city has planned to develop the desert photovoltaic industry in a concentrating and connecting area and the planning area is about 17333.3 hectares.
中卫市沙漠光伏产业园主要由光伏制造产业区、光伏发电区和观光旅游区构成，突出沙漠生态治理示范性和沙漠生态观光旅游理念，从防沙、治沙、用沙方面进行新的有益探索，以实现沙产业生态、经济效益的最大化。
Zhongwei Desert Photovoltaic Industrial Park consists of photovoltaic manufacturing areas, photovoltaic power generation areas and sightseeing areas. It serves as a model of desert ecological system restoration and also focuses on ecological sightseeing in deserts. Based on sand control, sand fixation and utilization, the industrial park has boldly explored new and effective methods to maximize the ecological and economic benefits of the industry in deserts.
光伏发电区实际可容纳装机1200兆瓦,截至目前已进驻企业11家，建成光伏电站容量达1030兆瓦。
The actual installed capacity of the photovoltaic power generation areas is 1200MW. Up to now, 11 enterprises have settled in the industrial park and the station capacity of constructed stations has reached 1030MW.
“项目全部建成后，对改善区域生态环境，促进节能减排等均具有十分重要的意义。预计可新增上网电量84亿千瓦时，减排二氧化碳750万吨。” 张俊华说。
“When the construction is completed, it will have a great impact on improving the regional ecological environment and promoting energy saving. 8.4 billion kWh on-grid power is expected to be generated and 7.5 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions can be reduced,” said Zhang.
中卫光伏产业助力实现双碳目标
Photovoltaic industry in Zhongwei helps achieve dual carbon goals
习近平总书记视察宁夏期间，赋予宁夏“努力建设黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展先行区”的时代重任。
On his visit to Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, General Secretary Xi Jinping gave an important task and emphasized that Ningxia should “strive to build a leading area for ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin.”
近年来，中卫市按照宁夏回族自治区党委、政府关于“高水平建设国家综合示范区”要求以及“三绿”发展战略，大力推进新能源全产业链高质量发展，加快建设黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展先行市与美丽新中卫。
In recent years, Zhongwei has firmly fulfilled the requirements of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Party Committee and the government to develop a national comprehensive demonstration area in high efficiency and earnestly followed the development strategy of enhancing a green energy, green industries and green development. The city strives to strengthen the quality development of the whole new energy industrial chain, accelerate the ecological protection of the Yellow River Basin, and build itself a leading city with high efficiency in development and a beautiful natural environment.
中卫市全面做好自治区绿能开发、绿氢生产、绿色发展三篇文章，依托黄河“几”字弯清洁能源基地，优化新能源产业布局，着力打造“两园两基地”，建设一批农光互补、林光互补、屋顶光伏等“光伏+生态”立体开发示范项目，努力打造宁夏清洁能源制高点。
Zhongwei is ready to explore green energy in local areas and promote green hydrogen energy manufacturing and environmentally friendly development. Based on clean energy bases in the zigzag area of the Yellow River, the city will optimize its new energy industry layout, put its focus on building “two parks and two bases” and set a batch of “photovoltaic industry+ecology” vertically integrated demonstration projects, including a combination of agriculture and photovoltaic industry, forests, hills and photovoltaic industry and the rooftop photovoltaic system to build Ningxia a clean energy powerhouse.
“截至目前，全市新能源装机容量达822万千瓦，占全市发电装机总量83%，占全区新能源装机总量的29%。新能源装机量位居全区第二，其中光伏440万千瓦，占全区光伏装机32%。” 张俊华介绍。
“So far, the total installed capacity of new energy in the city has reached 8.22 million kWh, accounting for 83% of the total power generating capacity in the city and 29% of the total installed capacity of new energy in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. The installed capacity of new energy ranks second in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, including 4.4 million kWh photovoltaic power which accounts for 32% of the total installed capacity of it in Ningxia,” Zhang introduced to us.
记者了解到，依托中卫、中宁工业园区一体化发展，目前中卫市初步形成了“工业硅－（单、多）晶硅－太阳能电池组件－光伏电站开发”为一体的光伏产业链，有序发展硅材料产业，单晶产能达5吉瓦。
Depending on the integrated development of industrial parks in Zhongwei City and Zhongning County, Zhongwei has initially formed an integrated photovoltaic industrial chain targeted to the development of industrial silicon, monocrystalline silicon and polycrystalline silicon, solar cell components and photovoltaic power stations. The development of the silicon industry is smooth, with monocrystalline silicon production capacity reaching 5GW.
腾格里沙漠的光伏板形成了一片“蓝色海洋”“ Blue ocean” comprised of PV panels in the Tengger Desert
“2022年，中卫市将持续推进产业结构调整优化，力争新能源装机总量突破1000万千瓦。”
“In 2022, Zhongwei will continue to foster its industrial restructuring and strive to exceed 10 million kWh in new energy installed capacity.”
下一步，中卫市将进一步推进 “两园两基地”光伏产业建设，在实施“绿电园区”试点项目的同时，推进沙漠光伏产业园提质增效，提升光伏发电及土地利用效率。
In the near future, Zhongwei will advance the photovoltaic industry in the “two parks and two bases”. The city will ensure the quality and efficiency of the photovoltaic industrial park and improve the efficiency of both photovoltaic power generation and land utilization while carrying out the pilot project of building green power industrial parks.
“力争到2025年，新能源装机规模达到1800万千瓦，年发电量超过252亿千瓦时，年减少二氧化碳排放量2200万吨以上。”
“We aim to achieve 18 million kWh new energy installed capacity, over 25.2 billion kWh annual power generation and reduce at least 22 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions by 2025.”
当前，中卫市正加快推进国家发展改革委关于《做好沙漠、戈壁、荒漠地区为重点的大型风电光伏基地布局方案》，全面落实自治区党委、政府“关于加快推进宁夏至湖南特高压直流输电工程”精神，加速构建现代能源体系。
At present, Zhongwei speeds up the implementation of the Carrying Out Good Layout of Large-scale Wind Power and Photovoltaic Bases in Desert, Gobi and Wilderness issued by the National Development and Reform Commission. Meanwhile, the city also strives to fulfill the task, launched by the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Party Committee and the government to accelerate the Ningxia-Hunan Ultra-High-Voltage Direct Current (UHVDC) Project and build a modern energy system in a more effective way.
“中卫市将以‘一线一园一基地’建设为契机，站在国家能源战略高度，加强协同合作，建立工作机制，加快推进腾格里沙漠光伏基地建设，按下‘宁电入湘’建设快进键，跑出新能源开发加速度，畅通中国‘西电东送、北电南供、水火互济、风光互补’的能源运输主动脉，打造东西合作的‘新样板’，全力促进‘碳达峰碳中和’目标如期实现。”中卫市市长马洪海表示。
“Based on the one project, one manufacturing industrial park and one new energy base (Ningxia-Hunan UHVDC Project, Ningxia Hongsibao Xiangtou New Energy Equipment Manufacturing Industrial Park and Ningxia Hongsibao New Energy Base) and the national energy development trend, we will strengthen cooperation, establish work mechanism and accelerate the construction of the Tengger Desert Photovoltaic Base to promote the power transmission between Ningxia and Hunan, conduct high-efficient new energy development, further facilitate the energy transmission that emphasizes West-to-East Power Transmission, South-to-North Power Transmission and complementation of hydropower and thermal power, wind power and photovoltaic system. In addition, we will also build a brand new cooperation model between East and West China to spare no efforts to achieve the goals of carbon emission peaking and carbon neutrality,” said Ma Honghai, Mayor of Zhongwei.
来源：《一带一路报道》2022年第3期
编辑：李卉嫔
校对：秦粟风
审核：雷露
主编：邓灼
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